Abstract

Research Article

Chronic Pancreatitis with Stones: What is the Best Way to Treat?

Joseph Boujaoude, Rose Al Bacha and Bassam Abboud

Published: 16 June, 2025 | Volume 9 - Issue 1 | Pages: 017-024

Pancreatic duct stones (PDS) are a common complication of chronic pancreatitis (CP). PDS can lead to duct obstruction and cause chronic abdominal pain. Ductal stone clearance, as well as short and long-term pain relief, is the cornerstone of endoscopic or surgical treatment. A step-up approach seems reasonable in pancreatic duct stone clearance. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) combined with standard endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is as effective as a surgical approach for treating painful CP with less morbidity and medical costs. Therefore, endotherapy is considered a first-line therapy in selected patients. In case of insufficient pancreatic ductal clearance or strictures, advanced endoscopic techniques, per-oral pancreatoscopy (POP) with intraductal lithotripsy and/or endoscopic ultrasound-guided ductal drainage (EUS-PDD), will expand the role of the endoscopic approach. Because these new techniques are challenging, technically complex, and with high adverse events (AEs), they should be reserved for advanced tertiary care centers. Although there is increasing data that early surgical intervention may lead to better pain control and pancreatic duct stone clearance, surgery is reserved for patients failing endotherapy or patients with suspected malignancy.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.ascr.1001086 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Chronic pancreatitis; Stricture; Stone; Endotherapy; Surgery

References

  1. Gerges C, Beyna T, Neuhaus H. Management of pancreatic duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2023;33(4):821-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2023.04.001
  2. Rosch T, Daniel S, Scholz M, Huibregtse K, Smits M, Schneider T, et al. Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter study of 1000 patients with long-term follow-up. Endoscopy. 2002;34(10):765-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-34256
  3. Dirweesh A, Trikudanathan G, Freeman ML. Endoscopic management of complications in chronic pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(5):1624-34. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-022-07391-1
  4. Toft J, Hadden WJ, Laurence JM, Lam V, Yuen L, Janssen A, et al. Imaging modalities in the diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Radiol. 2017;92:17-23. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2017.04.009
  5. Niu X, Das S, Bhetuwal A, Bhetuwal A, Xiao Y, Sun F, Zeng L, et al. Value of diffusion-weighted imaging in distinguishing pancreatic carcinoma from mass-forming chronic pancreatitis: a meta-analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2014;127:3477-82. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25269917/
  6. Fritscher-Ravens A, Brand L, Knofel WT, Bobrowski C, Topalidis T, Thonke F, et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided needle aspiration for focal pancreatic lesions in patients with normal parenchyma and chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2768-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.07020.x
  7. Varadarajulu S, Tamhane A, Eloubeidi MA. Yield of EUS-guided FNA of pancreatic masses in the presence or the absence of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2005;62:728-36. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2005.06.051
  8. Ohyama H, Mikata R, Ishihara T, Tsuyuguchi T, Sakai Y, Sugiyama H, et al. Efficacy of stone density on noncontrast computed tomography in predicting the outcome of extracorporeal shock wave for patients with pancreatic stones. Pancreas. 2015;44:422-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000277
  9. Kolodziejczyk E, Jurkiewicz E, Pertkiewicz J, Wejnarska K, Dadalski M, Kierkus J, et al. MRCP versus ERCP in the evaluation of chronic pancreatitis in children: which is the better choice? Pancreas. 2016;45:1115-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000000644
  10. Midha S, Khajuria R, Shastri S, Kabra M, Garg PK. Idiopathic chronic pancreatitis in India: phenotypic characterization and strong genetic susceptibility due to SPINK1 and CFTR gene mutations. Gut. 2010;59:800-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.191239
  11. Luetmer PH, Stephens DH, Ward EM. Chronic pancreatitis: reassessment with current CT. Radiology. 1989;171:353-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.171.2.2704799
  12. Kahl S, Glasbrenner B, Leodolter A, Pross M, Schulz HU, Malfertheiner P. EUS in the diagnosis of early chronic pancreatitis: a prospective follow-up study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55:507-11. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.122610
  13. Jing ZP. Ultrastructure and elemental composition of pancreatic stones. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi. 1990;28:421-3. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2269050/
  14. Pitchumoni CS, Viswanathan KV, Varghese PJ, Banks PA. Ultrastructure and elemental composition of human pancreatic calculi. Pancreas. 1987;2(2):152-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00006676-198703000-00005
  15. Tandan M, Nageshwar Reddy D, Talukdar R, Talukdar R, Vinod K, Kiran SVVS, et al. ESWL for large pancreatic calculi: report of over 5000 patients. Pancreatology. 2019;19(7):916-21. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2019.08.001
  16. Inui K, Nakae Y, Nakamura J. A case of non-calcified pancreatolithiasis which was removed by endoscopic sphincterotomy of the pancreatic duct. Gastroenterol Endosc. 1983;25(8):1246-53.
  17. Fuji T, Amano H, Harima K, Aibe T, Asagami F, Kinukawa K, et al. Pancreatic sphincterotomy and pancreatic endoprosthesis. Endoscopy. 1985;17(2):69-72. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1018460
  18. Delhaye M, Matos C, Deviere J. Endoscopic management of chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2003;13:717-42. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5157(03)00070-9
  19. Jafri M, Javed S, Sachdev A, Lee D, Taur T, Goodman A, et al. Efficacy of endotherapy in the treatment of pain associated with chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JOP. 2017;18:125-32. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5619873/
  20. Costamagna G, Bulajic M, Tringali A, Pandolfi M, Gabbrielli A, Spada C, et al. Multiple stenting of refractory pancreatic duct strictures in severe chronic pancreatitis: long-term results. Endoscopy. 2006;38:254-9. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-921069
  21. Bove V, Tringali A, Valerii G. Endoscopic dilation of pancreatic duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis with multiple plastic stents: results of 48 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:AB236.
  22. Shen Y, Liu M, Chen M, Li Y, Lu Y, Zou X. Covered metal stent or multiple plastic stents for refractory pancreatic duct strictures in chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology. 2014;14:87-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pan.2013.12.005
  23. Sauerbruch T, Holl J, Sackmann M, Werner R, Wotzka R, Paumgartner G. Disintegration of a pancreatic duct stone with extracorporeal shock waves in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 1987;19(5):207-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1018284
  24. Choi KS, Kim MH. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the treatment of pancreatic duct stones. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2006;13:86-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00534-005-1063-3
  25. Auge BK, Preminger GM. Update on shock wave lithotripsy technology. Curr Opin Urol. 2002;12:287-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/00042307-200207000-00005
  26. Li K, Lin T, Zhang C, Fan X, Xu K, Bi L, et al. Optimal frequency of shock wave lithotripsy in urolithiasis treatment: a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Urol. 2013;190:1260-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2013.03.075
  27. Korpela T, Udd M, Tenca A, Lindström O, Halttunen J, Myrskysalo S, et al. Long-term results of combined ESWL and ERCP treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:866-71. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2016.1150502
  28. Tandan M, Reddy DN, Santosh D, Vinod K, Ramchandani M, Rajesh G, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endotherapy for pancreatic calculi—a large single center experience. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29:143-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-010-0035-y
  29. Dumonceau JM, Costamagna G, Tringali A, Vahedi K, Delhaye M, Hittelet A, et al. Treatment for painful calcified chronic pancreatitis: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus endoscopic treatment: a randomized controlled trial. Gut. 2007;56:545-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.096883
  30. Karasawa Y, Kawa S, Aoki Y, Ochi Y, Unno H, Kiyosawa K, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy of pancreatic duct stones and patient factors related to stone disintegration. J Gastroenterol. 2002;37:369-75. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s005350200051
  31. Li BR, Liao Z, Du TT, Ye B, Chen H, Ji JT, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a safe and effective treatment for pancreatic stones coexisting with pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:69-78. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.10.026
  32. Farnbacher MJ, Schoen C, Rabenstein T, Benninger J, Hahn EG, Schneider HT. Pancreatic duct stones in chronic pancreatitis: criteria for treatment intensity and success. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:501-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.128162
  33. Tadenuma H, Ishihara T, Yamaguchi T, Tsuchiya S, Kobayashi A, Nakamura K, et al. Long-term results of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy and endoscopic therapy for pancreatic stones. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3:1128-35. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1542-3565(05)00530-6
  34. Freeman ML. Mechanical lithotripsy of pancreatic duct stones. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44(3):333-6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(96)70175-x
  35. Nakajima M, Akasaka Y, Yamaguchi K, Fujimoto S, Kawai K. Direct endoscopic visualization of the bile and pancreatic duct systems by peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy (PCPS). Gastrointest Endosc. 1978;24(4):141-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(78)73488-7
  36. Koch H, Stolte M, Walz V. Endoscopic lithotripsy in the common bile duct. Endoscopy. 1977;9(2):95-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1098497
  37. Howell DA. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic duct stones using 10 F pancreatoscope and electrohydraulic lithotripsy. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;50(6):829-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(99)70168-9
  38. Lux G, Ell C, Hochberger D, Müller D, Demling L. The first successful endoscopic retrograde laser lithotripsy of common bile duct stones in man using a pulsed neodymium-YAG laser. Endoscopy. 1986;18(4):144-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1018356
  39. Vassar GJ, Chan KF, Teichman JM, Glickman RD, Weintraub ST, Pfefer TJ, et al. Holmium:YAG lithotripsy: photothermal mechanism. J Endourol. 1999;13(3):181-90. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1089/end.1999.13.181
  40. Trieu JA, Seven G, Baron TH. Endoscopic ultrasound guided pancreatic duct drainage. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2024;34:501-10. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giec.2024.02.002
  41. Bataille L, Deprez P. A new application of therapeutic EUS: main pancreatic duct drainage with a “pancreatic rendezvous technique”. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;55(6):740-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.123621
  42. Mallery S, Matlock J, Freeman ML. EUS-guided rendezvous drainage of obstructed biliary and pancreatic ducts: report of 6 cases. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59(1):100-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02300-9
  43. Will U, Meyer F, Manger T, Wanzar I. Endoscopic ultrasound-assisted rendezvous maneuver to achieve pancreatic duct drainage in obstructive chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2005;37(2):171-3. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-826151
  44. Motomura D, Irani S, Larsen M, Kozarek RA, Ross AS, Gan SI. Multicenter retrospective cohort of EUS-guided anterograde pancreatic duct access. Endosc Int Open. 2023;11(4):E358-65. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2029-2520
  45. Francois E, Kahaleh M, Giovanini M, Matos C, Devière J. EUS-guided pancreatogastrostomy. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56(1):128-33. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1067/mge.2002.125547
  46. Ergun M, Aouattah T, Gillain C, Gigot JF, Hubert C, Deprez PH. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided transluminal drainage of pancreatic duct obstruction: long-term outcome. Endoscopy. 2011;43(6):518-25. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1256333
  47. Shah JN, Marson F, Weilert F, Bhat YM, Nguyen-Tang T, Shaw RE, et al. Single-operator, single-session EUS-guided anterograde cholangiopancreatography in failed ERCP or inaccessible papilla. Gastrointest Endosc. 2012;75(1):56-64. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2011.08.032
  48. Will U, Fueldner F, Thieme AK, Goldmann B, Gerlach R, Wanzar I, et al. Transgastric pancreatography and EUS-guided drainage of the pancreatic duct. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg. 2007;14(4):377-82. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00534-006-1139-8
  49. Anderson DK, Frey CF. The evolution of the surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Ann Surg. 2010;251(1):18-32. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0b013e3181ae3471
  50. Parekh D, Natarajan S. Surgical management of chronic pancreatitis. Indian J Surg. 2015;77(5):453-69. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12262-015-1362-0
  51. Guo S, Zhou Q, Yang J, Tao J, Zhang J, Wang H. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection compared to pancreaticoduodenectomy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Front Surg. 2023;10:1107613. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fsurg.2023.1107613
  52. Dumonceau JM, Delhaye M, Tringali A, Arvanitakis M, Sanchez-Yague A, Vaysse T, et al. Endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline - Updated August 2018. Endoscopy. 2019;51(2):179-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0822-0832
  53. Gardner TB, Douglas A, Forsmark CE, Sauer BG, Taylor JR, Whitcomb DC. ACG clinical guideline: chronic pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2020;115(3):322-39. Available from: https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000000535
  54. Dite P, Ruzicka M, Zboril V. A prospective, randomized trial comparing endoscopic and surgical therapy for chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy. 2003;35(7):553-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-40237
  55. Cahen DL, Goumaa DJ, Laramee P, Nio Y, Rauws EA, Boermeester MA, et al. Long-term outcomes of endoscopic vs surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(5):1690-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2011.07.049
  56. Issa Y, Kempeneers MA, Bruno MJ, Fockens P, Poley JW, Ahmed Ali U, et al. Effect of early surgery vs endoscopy-first approach on pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis: the ESCAPE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):237-47. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.20967
  57. Mendieta PJO, Sagae VMT, Ribeiro IB, de Moura DTH, Scatimburgo MVCV, Hirsch BS, et al. Pain relief in chronic pancreatitis: endoscopic or surgical treatment? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2021;35(8):4085-94. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-021-08515-w
  58. Tandan M, Reddy DN, Santosh D, Vinod K, Ramchandani M, Rajesh G, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and endotherapy for pancreatic calculi—a large single center experience. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29(4):143-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12664-010-0035-y
  59. Van Huijgevoort NCM, Veld JV, Fockens P, Besselink MG, Boermeester MA, et al. Success of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ERCP in symptomatic pancreatic duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(8):E1070-85. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1171-1322
  60. Delhaye M, Arvanitakis M, Verset G, Cremer M, Devière J. Long-term clinical outcome after endoscopic pancreatic ductal drainage for patients with painful chronic pancreatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004;2(12):1096-106. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1542-3565(04)00544-0
  61. Saito T, Nakai Y, Mizueo S, Isayama H, Sasahira N, Watanabe T, et al. A randomized-controlled trial of early endotherapy versus wait-and-see policy for mild symptomatic pancreatic stones in chronic pancreatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;31(8):979-84. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/meg.0000000000001457
  62. Dumonceau JM, Costamagna G, Tringali A, Vahedi K, Delhaye M, Hittelet A, et al. Treatment for painful calcified chronic pancreatitis: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy versus endoscopic treatment: randomized control trial. Gut. 2007;56:545-52. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2006.096883
  63. Vaysse T, Boytchev I, Antoni G, Croix DS, Choury AD, Laurent V, et al. Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for chronic pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51:1380-5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1080/00365521.2016.1209688
  64. Attwel AR, Patel S, Kahaleh M, Raijman IL, Yen R, Shah RJ. ERCP with per-oral pancreatoscopy-guided laser lithotripsy for calcific chronic pancreatitis: a multicenter US experience. Gastrointest Endosc. 2015;82(2):311-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gie.2015.01.020
  65. Attwell AR, Brauer BC, Chen YK, Yen RD, Fukami N, Shah RJ. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with per oral pancreatoscopy for calcific chronic pancreatitis using endoscope and catheter-based pancreatoscopes: a 10-year single-center experience. Pancreas. 2014;43(2):268-74. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182965d81
  66. Saghir SM, Mashiana HS, Mohan BP, Dhindsa BS, Dhaliwal A, Chandan S, et al. Efficacy of pancreatoscopy for pancreatic duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(34):5207-19. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v26.i34.5207
  67. McCarty TR, Sobani Z, Rustagi T. Per-oral pancreatoscopy with intraductal lithotripsy for difficult pancreatic duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2020;8(10):E1460-70. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1236-3187
  68. Gerges C, Albers D, Schmitz L, Goni E, Cappello A, Schirra J, et al. Digital single-operator pancreatoscopy for the treatment of symptomatic pancreatic duct stones: a prospective multicenter cohort trial. Endoscopy. 2023;55:150-7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1870-3403
  69. Peiyao H, Hayat K, Wensong S, Yang J. Pancreatoscopy-guided lithotripsy for pancreatic duct stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2024;Sept:1-13. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5152/tjg.2024.24110
  70. Will U, Fueldner F, Buechner T, Meyer F. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided drainage of the pancreatic duct (EUS-PD) – indications and results with a literature review. J Clin Med. 2024;13:7709. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13247709
  71. James TW, Baron TH. Anterograde pancreatoscopy via EUS-guided pancreaticogastrostomy allows removal of obstructive pancreatic duct stones. Endosc Int Open. 2018;6:E735-8. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0607-2484
  72. Basilyak K, Veldhuijzen G, Gerges C, Maubach J, Will U, Elmunzer BJ, et al. ERP-guided versus EUS-guided technique for pancreatography and cannulation in patients with a pancreaticojejunostomy stenosis: a systematic literature review. Endoscopy. 2020. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1200-0199
  73. Kogure H, Sato T, Nakai Y. Performance of a new short-type double-balloon endoscope with advanced force transmission and adaptive bending for pancreaticobiliary intervention in patients with surgically altered anatomy: a propensity-matched analysis. Dig Endosc. 2019;31:86-93. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13218

Figures:

Figure 1

Figure 1

Similar Articles

Recently Viewed

  • The Synergistic Effect of Combined Linagliptin and Metformin Improves Hepatic Function in High-fat Diet/Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats
    Folasade Omobolanle Ajao*, Ifedolapo Opeyemi Adeyeye, Noheem Olaoluwa Kalejaiye, Sodik Olasunkami Mukaila and Olalekan Samson Agboola Folasade Omobolanle Ajao*,Ifedolapo Opeyemi Adeyeye,Noheem Olaoluwa Kalejaiye,Sodik Olasunkami Mukaila,Olalekan Samson Agboola. The Synergistic Effect of Combined Linagliptin and Metformin Improves Hepatic Function in High-fat Diet/Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats. Ann Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.acgh.1001050; 9: 004-012
  • Forensic Psychology and Criminal Profiling
    Eze SM*, Alabi KJ, Yusuf AO, Hamzat FO, A Abdulrauf, Atoyebi AT, Lawal IA, OA Ibrahim, AY Imam-Fulani and Dare BJ Eze SM*,Alabi KJ,Yusuf AO,Hamzat FO,A Abdulrauf,Atoyebi AT,Lawal IA,OA Ibrahim,AY Imam-Fulani,Dare BJ. Forensic Psychology and Criminal Profiling. J Forensic Sci Res. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.jfsr.1001085; 9: 092-096
  • Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma: A Rare Entity Revisited!
    Deshmukh Mahesh K, Galani Komal S*, Mishra Manisha and Ingale Pooja Deshmukh Mahesh K,Galani Komal S*,Mishra Manisha,Ingale Pooja. Pulmonary Pleomorphic Carcinoma: A Rare Entity Revisited!. J Pulmonol Respir Res. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.jprr.1001069; 9: 023-025
  • Cannabinoids, Oxidative Stress and Female Reproduction: Where do we stand?
    Somenath Ghosh* Somenath Ghosh*. Cannabinoids, Oxidative Stress and Female Reproduction: Where do we stand?. Ann Adv Chem. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.aac.1001056; 9: 019-026
  • COVID-19 Vaccines Development: Challenges and Future Perspective
    Swapan Kumar Chowdhury, Niranjan Kumar Mridha, Abdul Ashik Khan, Nabajyoti Baildya, Manab Mandal* and Narendra Nath Ghosh* Swapan Kumar Chowdhury,Niranjan Kumar Mridha,Abdul Ashik Khan,Nabajyoti Baildya,Manab Mandal*,Narendra Nath Ghosh*. COVID-19 Vaccines Development: Challenges and Future Perspective. Int J Clin Virol. 2025: doi: 10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001064; 9: 010-020

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?