Abstract

Research Article

Clinical significance of Urinary Amylase in Acute Pancreatitis

Mumtaz Din Wani, Mushtaq Chalkoo*, Zaheer Ahmed, Awhad Mueed Yousuf, Yassar Arafat, Syed Shakeeb Arsalan and Jaffar Hussain

Published: 27 June, 2017 | Volume 1 - Issue 1 | Pages: 021-031

Acute pancreatitis forms a major bulk of our inpatient admission due to gall stone disease. Diagnosis of acute pancreatitis remains a challenge even now. Serum amylase remains the most commonly used biochemical marker for its diagnosis but its sensitivity can be reduced by late presentation, hyper-triglyceridemia and chronic alcoholism. We conducted a study to determine the levels of serum and urinary amylase in patients with acute pancreatitis and compared their sensitivity and correlation with CT findings vis-à-vis the severity of the disease. The study was taken as a post graduate research model in the Post graduate Department of General and Minimal Access Surgery, Govt. Medical College Srinagar, J&K, India 2014-2016 and submitted for the award of masters in General Surgery. A total number of 150 patients were enrolled in the studies which were admitted in our unit as acute pancreatitis. 73 (48.7%) belonged to the age group of 30-44 years, 15(10%) patients aged >60 years with 86 (57.3%) males and 64 (42.7%) females. We had 81 (54%) patients with biliary tract diseases, followed by 21 (14%) patients with worm induced, 20 (13.3%) had hyperlipidaemia and only 4 (2.7%) patients had post ERCP etiology. Tenderness in epigastrium was the presenting sign in 111 (74%), followed by chest signs in 25 (16.7%) patients, diffuse tenderness in 19 (12.7%), icterus in 11 (7.3%), low grade fever in 9 (6%) patients, shock in 5 (3.3%). Diabetes mellitus as a comorbidity was observed in 48 (32%) patients followed by hypothyroidism 37 (24.7%) patients. Hypertension was seen in 31 (20.7%) patients, COPD in 19 (12.7%) patients and obesity in 13 (8.7%) patients. Twenty two (14.7%) needed ICU admission; while as 128 (85.3%) were managed in the general ward. All the enrolled patients in our study were managed conservatively. Out of a total of 150 patients, 148 (98.7%) survived while as only 2 (1.3%) of our patients expired. At the time of admission in the hospital, 120 (80%) patients had serum amylase level of >450 U/L, 19 (12.7%) patients had 150-450 U/L levels while as 11 (7.3%) patients had <150 U/L serum amylase levels. CT has been shown to yield an early overall detection rate of 90% with close to 100% sensitivity after 4 days for pancreatic gland necrosis. The correlation of urinary amylase with the CECT Severity Scoring in a patient of acute pancreatitis is still ambiguous.

Read Full Article HTML DOI: 10.29328/journal.ascr.1001004 Cite this Article Read Full Article PDF

Keywords:

Acute Pancreatitis; Biochemical markers

References

  1. Clavien PA, Robert J, Meyer P, Borst F, Hauser H. Acute pancreatitis and normoamylasemia. Not an uncommon combination. Ann Surg. 1989; 210: 614-620. Ref.: https://goo.gl/nKZpfJ
  2. Mann DV, Hershman MJ, Hittinger R, Glazer G. Multicentre audit of death from acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1994; 81: 890-893. Ref.: https://goo.gl/dG5yzW
  3. Banerjee AK, Kaul A, Bache E, Parberry AC, Doran J, et al. An audit of fatal acute pancreatitis. Postgrad Med J. 1995; 71: 472-475. Ref.: https://goo.gl/FpnKtZ
  4. Gronroos J, Nylamo E. Mortality in acute pancreatitis in Turku University Central Hospital 1971-1995. Hepato-Gastroenterol. 1999; 46: 2572-2574. Ref.: https://goo.gl/YvmkY9
  5. Steinberg W, Tenner S. Acute pancreatitis. N Engl J Med. 1994; 330: 1198-1210. Ref.: https://goo.gl/kX6jos
  6. Barie PS. A critical review of antibiotic prophylaxis in severe acute pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1996; 172: 38-43. Ref.: https://goo.gl/LJfFsv
  7. Beger HG, Bittner R, Block S, Buchler M. Bacterial contamination of pancreatic necrosis. A prospective clinical study. Gastroenterology. 1986; 91: 433-438. Ref.: https://goo.gl/7tqoQM
  8. Dubick MA, Mar G, Mayer AD, Majumdar AP, McMahon MJ, et al. Digestive enzymes and protease inhibitors in plasma from patients with acute pancreatitis. Pancreas. 1987; 2: 187-194. Ref.: https://goo.gl/H8XbP8
  9. Clavien PA, Burgan S, Moossa AR. Serum enzymes and other laboratory tests in acute pancreatitis. Br J Surg. 1989; 76: 1234-1243. Ref.: https://goo.gl/i8gcDp
  10. Steer ML, Meldolesi J, Figarella C. Pancreatitis. The role of lysosomes. Dig Dis Sci. 1984; 29: 934-938. Ref.: https://goo.gl/W92jMq
  11. Steer M. Büchler M, Uhl W, Friess H, Malfertheimer P. Primary intracellular events in pancreatitis. In: Acute pancreatitis, novel concepts in biology and treatment. Berlin Vienna, Blackwell Wissenschafts-Verlag. 1999; 4-12.
  12. Marshall J. Acute pancreatitis. A review with an emphasis on new developments. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153: 1185-1198. Ref.: https://goo.gl/8wCJvo
  13. Durie P, Gaskin KJ, Geokas MC, O`Rourke M, Largman C. Plasma immunoreactive anionic pancreatic trypsin in cystic fibrosis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1982; 1: 337-343. Ref.: https://goo.gl/GkVrSP
  14. Gudgeon A, Heath D, Hurley P, Jehanli A, Patel G, et al. Trypsinogen activation peptides assay in the early prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis. Lancet. 1990; 335: 4-8. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ph2NXe
  15. Neoptolemos J, Kemppainen E, Mayer J, Fitzpatrick J, Raraty M, et al. Early prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis by urinary trypsinogen activation peptide: a multicentre study. Lancet. 2000; 355: 1955-1960. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tUKnMz
  16. Ohlsson K. Acute pancreatitis. Biochemical, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 1988; 51: 3-12. Ref.: https://goo.gl/DMi2M3
  17. Glasbrenner B, Adler G. Pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 1993; 40: 517-521. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KUbW9f
  18. Osman M, Jensen S. Acute pancreatitis: The pathophysiological role of cytokines and integrins. Dig Surg. 1999; 16: 347-362. Ref.: https://goo.gl/Ax4VAi
  19. Lerch MM, Saluja AK, Dawra R, Ramarao P, Saluja M, et al. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis in the opossum: earliest morphological changes involve acinar cells. Gastroenterology. 1992; 103: 205-213. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cWuQ4t
  20. Runzi M, Saluja A, Lerch M, Dawra R, Nishino H, et al. Early ductal decompression prevents the progression of biliary panreatitis: an experimental study in the opossum. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 157-164. Ref.: https://goo.gl/37w2Qn
  21. Buchler M. Objectification of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Hepatogastroenterology. 1991; 38:101-108. Ref.: https://goo.gl/edBUvq
  22. Bone R. Towards a theory regarding the pathogenesis of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome: What we do and do not know about cytokine regulation. Crit Care Med. 1996; 24: 163-172. Ref.: https://goo.gl/tyagLz
  23. De Beaux AC, Palmer KR, Carter DC. Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in acute pancreatitis; an analysis of 279 cases. Gut. 1995; 37: 121-126. Ref.: https://goo.gl/vkdkay
  24. Neoptolemos J, Carr-Locke D, London N, Bailey I, James D, et al. Controlled trial of urgent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic sphincterotomy versus conservative treatment for acute pancreatitis due to gall stones. Lancet. 1988; 332: 979-983. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jrF48r
  25. Kanwar S, Windsor A, Reynolds JV. Early enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis. Nutrition. 1999; 15: 951-952. Ref.: https://goo.gl/p1NYzC
  26. Piironen A, Kivisaari R, Pitkäranta P, Poutanen V, Laippala P, et al. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of acute haemorrhagic necrotizing pancreatitis. Eur Radiol. 1997; 7: 17-20. Ref.: https://goo.gl/RRFrR4
  27. John RP. Acute pancreatitis. Surg Clin North Am. 1988; 68: 281-299. Ref.: https://goo.gl/jUZvqT
  28. Mergener K, Baillie J. Acute pancreatitis. BMJ. 1998; 316: 44-48. Ref.: https://goo.gl/XeMHYY
  29. Thomson HJ. Acute pancreatitis north and north-east Scotland. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1985; 30: 104-111. Ref.: https://goo.gl/rcMGuX
  30. Liu CL, Lo CM, Fan ST. Acute Biliary Pancreatitis: Diagnosis and Management. World J Surg. 1997; 21: 149-154. Ref.: https://goo.gl/v2Zxcq
  31. Corfield AP, Cooper MJ, Williamson RC. Acute pancreatitis: a lethal disease of increasing incidence. Gut. 1985; 26: 724-729. Ref.: https://goo.gl/ZzCmTM
  32. Lankisch PG, Schirren CA, Schmidt H, Schonfelder G, Creutzfeldt W. Etiology and incidence of acute pancreatitis: a 20-year study in a single institution. Digestion. 1989; 44: 20-25. Ref.: https://goo.gl/KXEaBE
  33. Chauhan PV, Patel RR. Research and Analytical Study of 50 Cases of Acute Pancreatitis. International Journal of Science and Research. 2012; 475-478.
  34. Kandasami P, Harunarashid H, Harjit K. Acute Pancreatitis in a Multi-Ethnic Population. Singapore Med J. 2002; 43: 284-288. Ref.: https://goo.gl/oirgoL
  35. Naik N, Patel G, Parmar H. Etiology, age and sex distribution, investigations and treatment of gallstone pancreatitis. IAIM. 2016; 3: 46-50. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yTrKxE
  36. Manandhar S, Giri S, Poudel P, Bhandari RS, Lakhey PJ, et al. Acute biliary pancreatitis: an experience in a tertiary level hospital of Nepal. Indian J Surg. 2013; 75: 449-453. Ref.: https://goo.gl/WqVdFG
  37. Terui K, Hishiki T, Saito T, Mitsunaga T, Nakata M, et al. Urinary amylase/urinary creatinine ratio (uAm/uCr)-a less-invasive parameter for management of hyperamylasemia. BMC Pediatrics. 2013; 13: 205. Ref.: https://goo.gl/yDbfmQ
  38. Singh VK, Wu BU, Bollen TL, Repas K, Maurer R, et al. A prospective evaluation of the bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis score in assessing mortality and intermediate markers of severity in acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009; 104: 966-971. Ref.: https://goo.gl/cx8ENu
  39. Hayakawa T. Clinical significance of urinary amylase in diagnosis of pancreatic diseases. Nagoya J Med Sci. 1970; 32: 185-214. Ref.: https://goo.gl/SDjEXe
  40. Fisher WE, Andersen DK, John A, et al. Charles Brunicardi. Pancreas. Chapter 33 In: Schwartz’s Principles of Surgery. 10th Edition. 1356.

 

Figures:

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 1

Figure 3

Figure 1

Figure 4

Figure 1

Figure 5

Figure 1

Figure 6

Figure 1

Figure 7

Figure 1

Figure 8

Figure 1

Figure 9

Figure 1

Figure 10

Figure 1

Figure 11

Figure 1

Figure 12

Figure 1

Figure 13

Figure 1

Figure 14

Figure 1

Figure 15

Similar Articles

  • Clinical significance of Urinary Amylase in Acute Pancreatitis
    Mumtaz Din Wani, Mushtaq Chalkoo*, Zaheer Ahmed, Awhad Mueed Yousuf, Yassar Arafat, Syed Shakeeb Arsalan and Jaffar Hussain Mumtaz Din Wani,Mushtaq Chalkoo*,Zaheer Ahmed,Awhad Mueed Yousuf,Yassar Arafat,Syed Shakeeb Arsalan,Jaffar Hussain. Clinical significance of Urinary Amylase in Acute Pancreatitis . . 2017 doi: 10.29328/journal.ascr.1001004; 1: 021-031
  • Acute necrotising pancreatitis masquerading as psoas abscess: A report of two cases
    Praveenkumar M Patil*, Kartik Sharma and Navneet Kaur Praveenkumar M Patil*,Kartik Sharma,Navneet Kaur. Acute necrotising pancreatitis masquerading as psoas abscess: A report of two cases. . 2020 doi: 10.29328/journal.ascr.1001046; 4: 018-021

Recently Viewed

Read More

Most Viewed

Read More

Help ?